Chapter 5 - Text Version
Chart 5.1 - Proportion of Women Graduates, 1920-2016
This chart shows the proportion of post-secondary graduates that are women between 1920-2016 by credential type. In 1920, only 17 per cent of Bachelor's or First Professional graduates were women; only 22 per cent of Master's graduates were women; and only 4 per cent of Doctorate graduates were women. With steady improvements starting in the 1950s, women represented more than half of Bachelor's and First Professional graduates by the 1980s, and by the mid-1990s, women represented more than half of Master's graduates.
Chart 5.2 - Labour Force Participation Rates by Gender, Population Aged 15+, 1901-2018
This chart shows the labour force participation rates for women and men from 1901 to 2018. In 1901, 14 per cent of women were in the workforce compared to 78 per cent of men. Throughout the 20th century, but especially between the 1950s and the 1990s, women's labour force participation rates increased dramatically, reaching nearly 60 per cent by the late-1990s. In the 2000s, there has been little improvement in the share of women in the workforce. In 2018, 70 per cent of men and 61 per cent of women were in the labour force.
Chart 5.11 - Number of Direct and Indirect Benefits
This chart shows the number of budget measures by direct and indirect impacts on nine sub-groups of the population. The following groups have more than 20 measures directly benefitting them Indigenous Peoples, low-income individuals, people living in rural areas, and youth. The other five groups are: women, members of visible minority communities, people living in urban areas, youth, and seniors.
Chart 5.12 - Income Distributional Impacts
This chart shows the breakdown of the impacts of budget measures on different income groups. The majority of measures have no significant impacts on income distribution. Approximately 4% of measures are regressive or benefit high-income individuals and about 29% of measures are progressive or benefit low-income individuals.
Chart 5.13 - Intergenerational Impacts
This chart shows the breakdown of the impacts of budget measures on different generations. The majority of measures have no significant intergenerational impacts. Approximately 7% of measures primarily benefit the baby boom generation or seniors and about 14% of measures primarily benefit youth, children and/or future generations.
Figure 5.1
| Science | Reading | Mathematics | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men | 528 | 514 | 520 |
| Women | 527 | 540 | 511 |
| Average | 528 | 527 | 516 |
Figure 5.2 - High School Reading, Science and Mathematics
Test Scores by Gender, 2015
| Women | Men | |
|---|---|---|
| Health professions and related clinical sciences | 82 | 18 |
| Public administration and social service professions | 81 | 19 |
| Psychology | 79 | 21 |
| Education | 78 | 22 |
| Computer and information sciences and support services | 21 | 79 |
| Engineering | 20 | 80 |
| Construction trades | 9 | 91 |
| Mechanic and repair technologies and technicians | 7 | 93 |
Figure 5.3
| Gender (by percentage) | Total population | Lone parents | Recent immigrants | Visible minorities | Indigenous | Status Indian | Non-status Indian | Métis | Inuit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | 9.8 | 15.5 | 24.7 | 17.5 | 18.0 | 22.8 | 17.0 | 13.2 | 38.8 |
| Women | 11.4 | 25.7 | 25.0 | 18.5 | 20.8 | 26.4 | 20.1 | 15.4 | 37.5 |
Figure 5.4: Percentage of Measures, by Direct Benefits
Percentage of budget measures by gender of direct beneficiaries. 12 per cent of budget measures directly benefit women, 8 per cent directly benefit men, and 80 per cent are broadly gender balanced.
Figure 5.5: Sex Gender
This figure illustrates some of the factors which can intersect with sex and gender. Six oblong shapes of differing colors overlap and fan out. Each oblong has two identity factors written on it. The top oblong has "sex and gender" written in a larger font. Starting below sex and gender and going clockwise, the additional identities identified are: geography, culture, income, sexual orientation, education, ethnicity, ability, age, religion and language.
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